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High-throughput Giardia lamblia viability assay using bioluminescent ATP content measurements.Chen C, Kulakova L, Southall N, Marugan J, Galkin A, Austin C, Herzberg O, Zheng WAntimicrob. Agents Chemother. , (55), 667-75, 2011. Article Pubmed The human pathogen Giardia lamblia is an anaerobic protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, one of the most common diarrheal diseases worldwide. Although several drugs are available for the treatment of giardiasis, drug resistance has been reported and is likely to increase, and recurrent infections are common. The search for new drugs that can overcome the drug-resistant strains of Giardia is an unmet medical need. New drug screen methods can facilitate the drug discovery process and aid with the identification of new drug targets. Using a bioluminescent ATP content assay, we have developed a phenotypic drug screen method to identify compounds that act against the actively growing trophozoite stage of the parasite. This assay is homogeneous, robust, and suitable for high-throughput screening of large compound collections. A screen of 4,096 pharmacologically active small molecules and approved drugs revealed 43 compounds with selective anti-Giardia properties, including 32 previously reported and 11 novel anti-Giardia agents. The most potent novel compound was fumagillin, which showed 50% inhibitory concentrations of 10 nM against the WB isolate and 2 nM against the GS isolate.
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Neuropeptide S facilitates cue-induced relapse to cocaine seeking through activation of the hypothalamic hypocretin system.Kallupi M, Cannella N, Economidou D, Ubaldi M, Ruggeri B, Weiss F, Massi M, Marugan J, Heilig M, Bonnavion P, de Lecea L, Ciccocioppo RProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , (107), 19567-72, 2010. Article Pubmed Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use. Environmental conditioning factors are among the major determinants of relapse in abstinent cocaine users. Here we describe a role of the neuropeptide S (NPS) system in regulating relapse. In rats with a history of cocaine self-administration, presentation of stimuli predictive of drug availability reinstates drug seeking, triggering relapse. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NPS increased conditioned reinstatement of cocaine seeking, whereas peripheral administration of the NPS receptor antagonist SHA 68 reduced it. Manipulation of the NPS receptor system did not modify cocaine self-administration. We also found that ICV NPS administration activates c-Fos expression in hypocretin-1/orexin-A (Hcrt-1/Ox-A) immunoreactive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and in the perifornical area (PeF). Of note, intra-LH and intra-PeF administration of NPS increased conditioned reinstatement of cocaine responding, an effect that was selectively blocked with the Hcrt-1/Ox-A receptor selective antagonist SB334867. Finally, results showed that intra-LH injection of the NPS antagonist [D-Cys(tBu) (5)]NPS blocked cue-induced cocaine seeking, indicating a role for this system in the pathophysiology of drug relapse.
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Evaluation of 2-thioxo-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one analogues as GAA activators.Marugan J, Zheng W, Motabar O, Southall N, Goldin E, Sidransky E, Aungst RA, Liu K, Sadhukhan SK, Austin CEur J Med Chem , (45), 1880-97, 2010. Article Pubmed Pompe disease is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase. In several LSDs, enzyme inhibitors have been used as small molecule chaperones to facilitate and increase the translocation of mutant protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosome. Enzyme activators with chaperone activity would be even more desirable as they would not inhibit the enzyme after translocation and might potentiate the activity of the enzyme that is successfully translocated. Herein we report our initial findings of a new series of acid alpha-glucosidase activators.
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Multi-gram scale synthesis of FR180204.Patnaik S, Dietz HC, Zheng W, Austin C, Marugan JJ. Org. Chem. , (74), 8870-3, 2009. Article Pubmed A concise synthesis of the ERK inhibitor FR180204 has been developed. The synthesis consists of six operationally simple steps and can be utilized to make multi-gram quantities of FR180204.
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Evaluation of substituted 6-arylquinazolin-4-amines as potent and selective inhibitors of cdc2-like kinases (Clk).Mott BT, Tanega C, Shen M, Maloney DJ, Shinn P, Leister W, Marugan J, Inglese J, Austin C, Misteli T, Auld DS, Thomas CBioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , (19), 6700-5, 2009. Article Pubmed A series of substituted 6-arylquinazolin-4-amines were prepared and analyzed as inhibitors of Clk4. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships and the selectivity of a potent analogue against a panel of 402 kinases are presented. Inhibition of Clk4 by these agents at varied concentrations of assay substrates (ATP and receptor peptide) highly suggests that this chemotype is an ATP competitive inhibitor. Molecular docking provides further evidence that inhibition is the result of binding at the kinase hinge region. Selected compounds represent novel tools capable of potent and selective inhibition of Clk1, Clk4, and Dyrk1A.
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The pilot phase of the NIH Chemical Genomics Center.Thomas C, Auld DS, Huang R, Huang W, Jadhav A, Johnson RL, Leister W, Maloney DJ, Marugan J, Michael S, Simeonov A, Southall N, Xia M, Zheng W, Inglese J, Austin CCurr Top Med Chem , (9), 1181-93, 2009. Pubmed The NIH Chemical Genomics Center (NCGC) was the inaugural center of the Molecular Libraries and Screening Center Network (MLSCN). Along with the nine other research centers of the MLSCN, the NCGC was established with a primary goal of bringing industrial technology and experience to empower the scientific community with small molecule compounds for use in their research. We intend this review to serve as 1) an introduction to the NCGC standard operating procedures, 2) an overview of several of the lessons learned during the pilot phase and 3) a review of several of the innovative discoveries reported during the pilot phase of the MLSCN.
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