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Zika Virus: Origins, Pathological Action, and Treatment Strategies.Gorshkov K, Shiryaev SA, Fertel S, Lin YW, Huang CT, Pinto A, Farhy C, Strongin AY, Zheng W, Terskikh AVFront Microbiol , (9), 3252, 2018. Article Pubmed The Zika virus (ZIKV) global epidemic prompted the World Health Organization to declare it a 2016 Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The overwhelming experience over the past several years teaches us that ZIKV and the associated neurological complications represent a long-term world-wide challenge to public health. Although the number of ZIKV cases in the Western Hemisphere has dropped since 2016, the need for basic research and anti-ZIKV drug development remains strong. Re-emerging viruses like ZIKV are an ever-present threat in the 21st century where fast transcontinental travel lends itself to viral epidemics. Here, we first present the origin story for ZIKV and review the rapid progress researchers have made toward understanding of the ZIKV pathology and in the design, re-purposing, and testing-particularly in vivo-drug candidates for ZIKV prophylaxis and therapy ZIKV. Quite remarkably, a short, but intensive, drug-repurposing effort has already resulted in several readily available FDA-approved drugs that are capable of effectively combating the virus in infected adult mouse models and, most importantly, in both preventing maternal-fetal transmission and severe microcephaly in newborns in pregnant mouse models.
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Induced pluripotent stem cells for neural drug discovery.Farkhondeh Kalat A, Li R, Gorshkov K, Chen KG, Might M, Rodems S, Lo D, Zheng WDrug Discov. Today , 2019. Article Pubmed Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are growing problems, as average life expectancy is increasing globally. Drug discovery for neurological disease remains a major challenge. Poor understanding of disease pathophysiology and incomplete representation of human disease in animal models hinder therapeutic drug development. Recent advances with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enabled modeling of human diseases with patient-derived neural cells. Utilizing iPSC-derived neurons advances compound screening and evaluation of drug efficacy. These cells have the genetic backgrounds of patients that more precisely model disease-specific pathophysiology and phenotypes. Neural cells derived from iPSCs can be produced in a large quantity. Therefore, application of iPSC-derived human neurons is a new direction for neuronal drug discovery.
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Repurposing Screen Identifies Unconventional Drugs With Activity Against Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.Cheng Y, Sun W, Xu M, Shen M, Khraiwesh M, Sciotti RJ, Zheng WFront Cell Infect Microbiol , (8), 438, 2018. Article Pubmed Antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections are an emerging public health issue; carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii are among the pathogens against which new therapeutic agents are desperately needed. Drug repurposing has recently emerged as an alternative approach to rapidly identifying effective drugs and drug combinations to combat drug resistant bacteria. We performed a drug repurposing screen against a highly virulent, multidrug resistant, Acinetobacter baumannii strain AB5075. This strain, isolated from a patient, is resistant to 25 first-line antibiotics for gram-negative bacteria. A compound screen using a bacterial growth assay led to identification and confirmation of 43 active compounds. Among these confirmed compounds, seven are approved drugs or pharmacologically active compounds for non-antimicrobial indications. Three of these drugs, 5-fluorouracil, fluspirilene, and Bay 11-7082 resensitized strain AB5075 to azithromycin and colistin in a two-drug combination format. The approach using a drug repurposing screen with a pathogen sample isolated from a patient and a high throughput bacterial growth assay led to the successful identification of new drug combinations to overcome a multidrug resistant bacterial infection.
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Canvass: A Crowd-Sourced, Natural-Product Screening Library for Exploring Biological Space.Kearney SE, et al.ACS Cent Sci , (4), 1727-1741, 2018. Article Pubmed Natural products and their derivatives continue to be wellsprings of nascent therapeutic potential. However, many laboratories have limited resources for biological evaluation, leaving their previously isolated or synthesized compounds largely or completely untested. To address this issue, the Canvass library of natural products was assembled, in collaboration with academic and industry researchers, for quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) across a diverse set of cell-based and biochemical assays. Characterization of the library in terms of physicochemical properties, structural diversity, and similarity to compounds in publicly available libraries indicates that the Canvass library contains many structural elements in common with approved drugs. The assay data generated were analyzed using a variety of quality control metrics, and the resultant assay profiles were explored using statistical methods, such as clustering and compound promiscuity analyses. Individual compounds were then sorted by structural class and activity profiles. Differential behavior based on these classifications, as well as noteworthy activities, are outlined herein. One such highlight is the activity of (-)-2(S)-cathafoline, which was found to stabilize calcium levels in the endoplasmic reticulum. The workflow described here illustrates a pilot effort to broadly survey the biological potential of natural products by utilizing the power of automation and high-throughput screening.
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Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (TRNDi003-A) from a Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) patient carrying a p.Q510P mutation in the PTPN11 gene.Li R, Baskfield A, Lin Y, Beers J, Zou J, Liu C, Jaffré F, Roberts AE, Ottinger E, Kontaridis MI, Zheng WStem Cell Res , (34), 101374, 2019. Article Pubmed Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), formerly known as LEOPARD Syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder. Approximately 90% of NSML cases are caused by missense mutations in the PTPN11 gene which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. A human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a patient with NSML that carries a gene mutation of p.Q510P on the PTPN11 gene using non-integrating Sendai virus technique. This iPSC line offers a useful resource to study the disease pathophysiology and a cell-based model for drug development to treat NSML.
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Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (TRNDi002-B) from a patient carrying compound heterozygous p.Q208X and p.G310G mutations in the NGLY1 gene.Li R, Pradhan M, Xu M, Baskfield A, Farkhondeh Kalat A, Cheng Y, Beers J, Zou J, Liu C, Might M, Rodems S, Zheng WStem Cell Res , (34), 101362, 2018. Article Pubmed NGLY1 deficiency is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene that encodes N-glycanase 1. The disease phenotype in patient cells is unclear. A human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from skin dermal fibroblasts of a patient with NGLY1 deficiency that has compound heterozygous mutations of a p.Q208X variant (c.622C > T) in exon 4 and a p.G310G variant (c.930C > T) in exon 6 of the NGLY1 gene. This iPSC line offers a useful resource to study the disease pathophysiology and a cell-based model for drug development to treat NGLY1 deficiency.
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Quantitative Chemotherapeutic Profiling of Gynecologic Cancer Cell Lines Using Approved Drugs and Bioactive Compounds.Gorshkov K, Sima N, Sun W, Lu B, Huang W, Travers J, Klumpp-Thomas C, Michael S, Xu T, Huang R, Lee E, Cheng X, Zheng WTransl Oncol , (12), 441-452, 2018. Article Pubmed Heterogeneous response to chemotherapy is a major issue for the treatment of cancer. For most gynecologic cancers including ovarian, cervical, and placental, the list of available small molecule therapies is relatively small compared to options for other cancers. While overall cancer mortality rates have decreased in the United States as early diagnoses and cancer therapies have become more effective, ovarian cancer still has low survival rates due to the lack of effective treatment options, drug resistance, and late diagnosis. To understand chemotherapeutic diversity in gynecologic cancers, we have screened 7914 approved drugs and bioactive compounds in 11 gynecologic cancer cell lines to profile their chemotherapeutic sensitivity. We identified two HDAC inhibitors, mocetinostat and entinostat, as pan-gynecologic cancer suppressors with IC50 values within an order of magnitude of their human plasma concentrations. In addition, many active compounds identified, including the non-anticancer drugs and other compounds, diversely inhibited the growth of three gynecologic cancer cell groups and individual cancer cell lines. These newly identified compounds are valuable for further studies of new therapeutics development, synergistic drug combinations, and new target identification for gynecologic cancers. The results also provide a rationale for the personalized chemotherapeutic testing of anticancer drugs in treatment of gynecologic cancer.
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Discovery of 3-(4-sulfamoylnaphthyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as potent and selective ALK2 inhibitors.Jiang J, Huang X, Shamim K, Patel PR, Lee A, Wang A, Nguyen K, Tawa G, Cuny GD, Yu PB, Zheng W, Xu X, Sanderson P, Huang WBioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , (28), 3356-3362, 2018. Article Pubmed The pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine LDN-193189 is a potent inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2) but is nonselective for highly homologous ALK3 and shows only modest kinome selectivity. Herein, we describe the discovery of a novel series of potent and selective ALK2 inhibitors by replacing the quinolinyl with a 4-(sulfamoyl)naphthyl, yielding ALK2 inhibitors that exhibit not only excellent discrimination versus ALK3 but also high kinome selectivity. In addition, the optimized compound 23 demonstrates good ADME and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties.
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Neural stem cells for disease modeling and evaluation of therapeutics for Tay-Sachs disease.Vu M, Li R, Baskfield A, Lu B, Farkhondeh Kalat A, Gorshkov K, Motabar O, Beers J, Chen G, Zou J, Espejo-Mojica AJ, Rodríguez-López A, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Barrera LA, Jiang X, Ory DS, Marugan J, Zheng WOrphanet J Rare Dis , (13), 152, 2018. Article Pubmed BACKGROUND: Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15 that encodes β-hexosaminidase. Deficiency in HEXA results in accumulation of GM2 ganglioside, a glycosphingolipid, in lysosomes. Currently, there is no effective treatment for TSD.
RESULTS: We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two TSD patient dermal fibroblast lines and further differentiated them into neural stem cells (NSCs). The TSD neural stem cells exhibited a disease phenotype of lysosomal lipid accumulation. The Tay-Sachs disease NSCs were then used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human Hex A protein and two small molecular compounds: hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and δ-tocopherol. Using this disease model, we observed reduction of lipid accumulation by employing enzyme replacement therapy as well as by the use of HPβCD and δ-tocopherol.
CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the Tay-Sachs disease NSCs possess the characteristic phenotype to serve as a cell-based disease model for study of the disease pathogenesis and evaluation of drug efficacy. The enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant Hex A protein and two small molecules (cyclodextrin and tocopherol) significantly ameliorated lipid accumulation in the Tay-Sachs disease cell model.
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Advancing precision medicine with personalized drug screening.Gorshkov K, Chen C, Marshall RE, Mihatov N, Choi Y, Nguyen T, Southall N, Chen KG, Park JK, Zheng WDrug Discov. Today , 2018. Article Pubmed Personalized drug screening (PDS) of approved drug libraries enables rapid development of specific small-molecule therapies for individual patients. With a multidisciplinary team including clinicians, researchers, ethicists, informaticians and regulatory professionals, patient treatment can be optimized with greater efficacy and fewer adverse effects by using PDS as an approach to find remedies. In addition, PDS has the potential to rapidly identify therapeutics for a patient suffering from a disease without an existing therapy. From cancer to bacterial infections, we review specific maladies addressed with PDS campaigns. We predict that PDS combined with personal genomic analyses will contribute to the development of future precision medicine endeavors.
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